“Every judge in the EU is actually an EU judge, because every judge applies European rules.” It is one of the boutades of Koen Lenaerts, the president of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). “The judicial application of European law is characterised by a continuous dialogue between the Court of Justice and the national judge”, is another statement he often makes. Two recent judgments highlighted in this article are a good illustration of this.

Standby time can be working time