Workplace Investigations
Contributing Editors
Workplace investigations are growing in number, size and complexity. Employers are under greater scrutiny as of the importance of ESG rises. Regulated industries such as finance, healthcare and legal face additional hurdles, but public scrutiny of businesses and how they treat their people across the board has never been higher. Conducting a fair and thorough workplace investigation is therefore critical to the optimal operation, governance and legal exposure of every business.
IEL’s Guide to Workplace Investigations examines key issues that organisations need to consider as they initiate, conduct and conclude investigations in 29 major jurisdictions around the world.
Learn more about the response taken in specific countries or build your own report to compare approaches taken around the world.
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01. What legislation, guidance and/or policies govern a workplace investigation?
02. How is a workplace investigation usually commenced?
03. Can an employee be suspended during a workplace investigation? Are there any conditions on suspension (eg, pay, duration)?
04. Who should conduct a workplace investigation, are there minimum qualifications or criteria that need to be met?
05. Can the employee under investigation bring legal action to stop the investigation?
06. Can co-workers be compelled to act as witnesses? What legal protections do employees have when acting as witnesses in an investigation?
07. What data protection or other regulations apply when gathering physical evidence?
08. Can the employer search employees’ possessions or files as part of an investigation?
09. What additional considerations apply when the investigation involves whistleblowing?
10. What confidentiality obligations apply during an investigation?
11. What information must the employee under investigation be given about the allegations against them?
12. Can the identity of the complainant, witnesses or sources of information for the investigation be kept confidential?
13. Can non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) be used to keep the fact and substance of an investigation confidential?
14. When does privilege attach to investigation materials?
15. Does the employee under investigation have a right to be accompanied or have legal representation during the investigation?
16. If there is a works council or trade union, does it have any right to be informed or involved in the investigation?
17. What other support can employees involved in the investigation be given?
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18. What if unrelated matters are revealed as a result of the investigation?
19. What if the employee under investigation raises a grievance during the investigation?
20. What if the employee under investigation goes off sick during the investigation?
21. How do you handle a parallel criminal and/or regulatory investigation?
22. What must the employee under investigation be told about the outcome of an investigation?
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23. Should the investigation report be shared in full, or just the findings?
24. What next steps are available to the employer?
25. Who can (or must) the investigation findings be disclosed to? Does that include regulators/police? Can the interview records be kept private, or are they at risk of disclosure?
26. How long should the outcome of the investigation remain on the employee’s record?
27. What legal exposure could the employer face for errors during the investigation?
01. What legislation, guidance and/or policies govern a workplace investigation?
01. What legislation, guidance and/or policies govern a workplace investigation?
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Switzerland
Switzerland
- at Bär & Karrer
- at Bär & Karrer
There is no specific legal regulation for internal investigations in Switzerland. The legal framework is derived from general rules such as the employer's duty of care, the employee's duty of loyalty and the employee's data protection rights. Depending on the context of the investigation, additional legal provisions may apply; for instance, additional provisions of the Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection or the Swiss Criminal Code.
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Turkey
Turkey
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
There is no specific legislation governing workplace investigations in Turkish law. However, there are general principles stemming from Labour Law No. 4857 as well as good practice principles. Data protection laws also occasionally intertwine with these. The internal codes and policies of the company should also be followed throughout the process.
18. What if unrelated matters are revealed as a result of the investigation?
18. What if unrelated matters are revealed as a result of the investigation?
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Switzerland
Switzerland
- at Bär & Karrer
- at Bär & Karrer
There are no regulations in this regard in the Swiss employment law framework. However, in criminal proceedings, the rules regarding accidental findings apply (eg, article 243, Swiss Criminal Procedure Code for searches and examinations or article 278, Swiss Criminal Procedure Code for surveillance of post and telecommunications). In principle, accidental findings are usable, with the caveat of general prohibitions on the use of evidence.
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Turkey
Turkey
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
If an unrelated matter is revealed during the investigation, an independent assessment needs to be made as to whether this new matter requires to be included in the same internal investigation, or a separate/new one should be commenced.
23. Should the investigation report be shared in full, or just the findings?
23. Should the investigation report be shared in full, or just the findings?
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Switzerland
Switzerland
- at Bär & Karrer
- at Bär & Karrer
In principle, there is no obligation to disclose the final investigation report. Disclosure obligations may arise based on data protection law vis-à-vis the persons concerned (eg, the accused). Likewise, there is no obligation to disclose other documents, such as the records of interviews. The employee should be fully informed of the final investigation report, if necessary, with certain redactions (see question 22). The right of the employee concerned to information is comprehensive (ie, all investigation files must be disclosed to him).[1] Regarding publication to other bodies outside of criminal proceedings, the employer is bound by its duty of care (article 328, Swiss Code of Obligations) and must protect the employee as far as is possible and reasonable.[2]
[1] Nicolas Facincani/Reto Sutter, Interne Untersuchungen: Rechte und Pflichten von Arbeitgebern und Angestellten, in: HR Today, to be found on: <Interne Untersuchungen: Rechte und Pflichten von Arbeitgebern und Angestellten | hrtoday.ch> (last visited on 27 June 2022).
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Turkey
Turkey
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
- at Paksoy
There is no legal requirement for the disclosure of the investigation report in full. If the investigation report needs to be submitted to the court, public institutions or other third parties, measures may need to be taken to protect confidentiality or to comply with the confidentiality requests of the persons participating in the investigation.
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Contributors
Australia
People + Culture Strategies
Austria
GERLACH
Belgium
Van Olmen & Wynant
Brazil
CGM
China
Jingtian & Gongcheng
Finland
Roschier
France
Bredin Prat
Germany
Hengeler Mueller
Greece
Karatzas & Partners
Hong Kong
Slaughter and May
India
Trilegal
Ireland
Ogier
Italy
BonelliErede
Japan
Mori Hamada & Matsumoto
Netherlands
De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek
Nigeria
Bloomfield LP
Philippines
Villaraza & Angangco
Poland
WKB Lawyers
Portugal
Uría Menéndez - Proença de Carvalho
Singapore
Rajah & Tann Singapore
South Korea
Kim & Chang
Spain
Uría Menéndez
Sweden
Mannheimer Swartling
Switzerland
Bär & Karrer
Thailand
Chandler MHM
Turkey
Paksoy
United Kingdom
Slaughter and May
United States
Cravath, Swaine & Moore
Vietnam
Le & Tran Law Corporation
Contributors
Switzerland
Bär & Karrer
Turkey
Paksoy