Whistleblowing

The status of whistleblowers in Germany, as in other EU member states, is primarily governed by European law. The relevant legislation is Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of persons reporting infringements of Union law (EU Whistleblower-Directive).

The German legislature has incorporated the EU-Whistleblower-Directive into German law by enacting the Whistleblower Protection Act (“Hinweisgeberschutzgesetz”) which – largely – entered into force on July 2, 2023.

If the Whistleblower Protection Act (hereinafter referred to as “HinSchG”) should meet specific concerns under European law, this will be pointed out separately in the following.

The only sector-agnostic legislation dealing with the protection of whistleblowers in India are:

• the Whistle Blowers Protection Act 2014 (Whistle Blower Protection Act), which enables any person (ie, a whistleblower) to report an act of corruption, wilful misuse of power or discretion, or a criminal offence by a public servant.  This includes all public servants, including ministers, members of parliament, the lower judiciary, regulatory authorities, and central and state government employees. A specified competent authority appointed under this legislation will conduct a discreet inquiry into the complaint and conceal the identity of the complainant and public servant; and
   
• the Companies Act 2013 (Companies Act), which mandates the incorporation of a whistleblower policy, but primarily only by listed companies.

To date, there are no specific laws dealing with the protection of whistleblowers applicable to private, unlisted companies or unincorporated entities and their employees. Employers are free to formulate and adopt a whistleblower policy to encourage employees (or any other person for that matter) to report matters without the risk of subsequent victimisation, discrimination or disadvantage, economic or otherwise. Accordingly, for private establishments, the whistleblowing regime remains largely discretionary and policy-driven. 

In addition to the laws listed above, while there are various disclosure obligations imposed on persons and entities (such as banks and listed companies) enabling early detection of fraud and wrongdoing, India has not yet adopted laws to improve the protection of whistleblowers across sectors or levels in the economy and establish adequate secure channels or mechanisms to enable whistleblowers to report without fear of disclosure, retaliation or victimisation.

In Sweden, whistleblowers are protected under:

• the Whistleblowing Act (SFS 2021:890) addresses reports about violations of EU law or irregularities in the public interest;
• the Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567) addresses reports about discrimination, harassment and sexual harassment; and
• the Freedom of the Press Act (SFS 1949:105) and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (SFS 1991:1469) address public sector employees’ freedom of communication to certain media outlets, etc.

Also, sector-specific legislation and regulation may impose a disclosure obligation on a whistleblower, such as the Patient Safety Act (SFS 2010:659).

The Whistleblowing Act entered into force on 17 December 2021 and enacts the Whistleblowing Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/1937[1]). The Whistleblowing Act, however, has a wider scope of applicability than the Whistleblowing Directive as it also protects whistleblowers who report on irregularities in the public interest.

In principle, companies that regularly employ 50 or more employees are obliged to set up an internal reporting system (section 12 (1), (2) HinSchG). For companies with between 50 and 249 employees, this obligation will only apply from 17 December 2023 (section 42 HinSchG).

For certain employers, particularly in the financial and insurance sectors or for data provision companies, the obligation to set up an internal reporting office applies irrespective of the number of employees as of the entry into force of the Act (section 12 (3) HinSchG).   

As per the Companies Act, the following types of companies are required to establish a vigil mechanism and adopt a “whistleblower policy” for directors, employees, stakeholders and any other individuals (such as auditors) to report concerns about unethical behaviour, actual or suspected fraud or violation of the company’s code of conduct or ethics policy:

• listed companies;
• companies that accept deposits from the public; and
• companies that have borrowed money from banks and public financial institutions totalling more than 500 million Indian rupees.

The requirement for listed companies to adopt a whistleblower policy also arises from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations 2015.

The abovementioned companies will be hereinafter referred to collectively as “Covered Companies”.

The vigil mechanism or whistleblower policy must provide adequate safeguards against the victimisation of persons who use it. The Companies Act also requires auditors to report an offence of fraud in the company by its officers or employees if they identify or note such instances during the performance of their duties.

The Whistleblowing Act requires businesses (within both the private and public sector) that at the beginning of the calendar year employ 50 or more employees to establish internal reporting channels and procedures. Internal reporting channels and procedures must be implemented by:

• 17 July 2022, where the business employs 250 or more employees; and
• 17 December 2023, where the business employs between 50 and 249 employees.

The Whistleblowing Act also requires competent authorities to establish external reporting channels by 17 July 2022.

According to the explanatory memorandum of the Whistleblower Protection Act, it is legally permissible to implement an independent and confidential internal reporting office as a "third party" within the meaning of article 8(5) of the EU Whistleblower Directive at another group company (eg, parent company, sister company or subsidiary), which may also work for several independent companies in the group (section 14 (1) HinSchG). However, the European Commission has already announced in two statements during the legislative process that a group-wide whistleblower system does not meet the requirements of the EU Whistleblower Directive. The question of the compatibility of the regulation with EU law will only arise in practice at a later stage, provided that this question needs to be clarified in court. 

The Whistleblower Protection Act in line with the EU Directive further provides that several private employers with between 50 and 249 employees employed on a regular basis may commonly implement and operate an internal reporting office to receive notifications. However, the legal obligation to take action to remedy the violation and the corresponding duty to report back to the person making the report has to remain with the individual employer.   

Yes, this may be done. Various organisations in India have adopted a whistleblowing policy at the group level and set up a common hotline channel or speak-up portal to receive complaints of unlawful or unethical conduct and other wrongdoing within group companies.

Yes; however, a whistleblowing procedure established according to the Whistleblowing Act can only be shared between group companies employing 50 to 249 employees at the beginning of the calendar year. Such group-wide whistleblowing procedures can only include the receipt of reports and investigations into the reported matters (save for contacts with the whistleblower).

It is, however, possible to deviate from the Whistleblowing Act as it relates to internal reporting channels and procedures to be applied concerning employees by way of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) entered into by trade unions and employer organisations at a central level. As such, the labour market parties within the IT and tech sector have entered  a CBA that allows group-wide whistleblowing procedures to, inter alia, also cover group companies employing 250 or more employees. The CBA is only applicable to members of the relevant employer organisations party to the CBA.

If there are no whistleblowing procedures in the company (ie, an internal reporting system is not implemented and operated), this constitutes an administrative offence punishable by a fine. This fine may amount to up to 20,000 EUR (section 40 (2) No. 2, (5) HinSchG).

At this point, it should be noted that there is a high incentive for employers to implement an internal reporting channel, since the external reporting channel is available to the whistleblower in any case. Consequently, if an internal reporting office were not implemented or operated, the whistleblower would be forced to report directly to the external reporting office. As a result, the employer would not be able to make internal corrections without the reported information leaving the company.

As per the Companies Act, for failure to adopt and implement a whistleblowing procedure, a Covered Company and every officer of that company who is responsible for such non-compliance may be punished with a fine of up to 10,000 rupees and, if non-compliance continues, a further fine of up to 1,000 rupees a day.

If whistleblowing procedures, including internal whistleblowing channels, are not established according to the Whistleblowing Act, the Swedish Work Environment Authority (SWEA, being the supervisory authority) may order the business to fulfil its legal obligations subject to a fine.

Any business preventing or hindering whistleblowing according to the Whistleblowing Act (eg, by omitting to implement whistleblowing procedures) may be held liable for damages payable to the relevant persons.

Although the implementation of a whistleblower system is based on a legal obligation, the works council only has to be involved under certain circumstances.

At first, the employer is, in principle, already obliged to inform the works council in good time and comprehensively about everything it requires to carry out its duties. This information requirement should enable the works council to review whether co-determination or participation rights exist or whether other tasks have to be carried out according to the German Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).

For instance, instructions concerning the orderly conduct of employees are subject to co-determination. These instructions are intended to ensure an undisturbed work process or to organise the way employees live and work together in the company.  If, in the course of the implementation of a whistleblower system, the already existing contractual obligations are extended or regulations regarding the specific reporting procedure are introduced (eg, in the form of a reporting obligation on the part of employees), the organisational behaviour would be affected and the works council must therefore be involved (section 87 (1) No. 1 BetrVG).

Furthermore, in the context of setting up an internal reporting channel, the Whistleblower Protection Act only stipulates that whistleblowers must be given the option of submitting a report to the whistleblowing system in text form or verbally. This could, of course, also be provided via digital channels - eg, via software- or web-based solutions. Should the introduction and use of such technical equipment in the relevant case allow the employer to monitor the behavior or performance of employees (eg, those who deal with the complaint), further co-determination rights of the works council according to section 87 (1) No. 6 BetrVG can be triggered.   

While Covered Companies may factor the suggestions of the unions, associations of officers or employees before framing a whistleblowing policy, employee representative bodies are not involved in the implementation of the vigil mechanism. The whistleblowing mechanism will be overseen by a Covered Company through its Audit Committee or Board of Directors, as may be relevant.

There is no obligation to include employee representative bodies in the implementation of whistleblowing procedures.

The Whistleblower Protection Act does not oblige the company itself to publish any information regarding the internal reporting office or the internal reporting channel implemented. However, the internally implemented reporting office must have clear and easily accessible information available on the external reporting procedure and relevant reporting procedures of European Union institutions, bodies or agencies (section 13 (2) HinSchG).

The current explanatory memorandum to the Whistleblower Protection Act also contains the more detailed, but not legally binding, reference that the information can be made available via a public website, company intranet or a bulletin board that is accessible to all employees. In this context, it is recommended that the company also refers to the internally implemented reporting office or the internal reporting channel in the same way. This helps to counteract the risk that potential whistleblowers will report primarily via the external reporting channel.

Furthermore, the German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act (LkSG) also provides for the implementation of complaint mechanisms so that the regulatory requirements of companies can also be met through a uniform reporting system. Within its scope of application, the LkSG also provides for the publication of procedural rules for such a reporting system in text form as well as for annual reporting obligations on what measures the company has taken as a result of complaints.

Details of the whistleblowing policy and the mechanism thereof will have to be disclosed by the Covered Company on its website as well as in the Board of Directors’ annual report filed with the competent regulatory authority.

An internal whistleblowing channel and procedure established under the Whistleblowing Act must be made available for persons who are active within the business, including employees, volunteers, trainees, persons otherwise performing work under the supervision or direction of the business, the self-employed who perform services, members of the business’s administrative, management or supervisory bodies and shareholders operating within the business.

In addition, businesses must provide clear and easily accessible information on:

• how to report via the internal reporting channel;
• how to report via external reporting channels (both national and EU bodies); and
• as applicable, the whistleblowers’ constitutional rights in respect of freedom of speech, freedom of communication and freedom to procure information.

In principle, the Whistleblower Protection Act intentionally does not specify which persons or organisational units are best qualified to carry out the tasks of the internal reporting office or to manage the corresponding reporting channel. However, the internal reporting office may not be subject to any conflicts of interest and it also must be independent. The EU Whistleblower-Directive mentions, for instance, the head of the compliance department or the legal or data protection officer as possible internal reporting offices.

If, in addition to the (internal) persons responsible for receiving and processing internal reports, other (external) persons have to be involved in a supporting activity, this supporting activity is legally only permissible to the extent that is necessary for the supporting activity. This applies, for example, to IT service providers that provide technical support for reporting channels.

It is also legally permissible to appoint a third party to carry out the tasks of an internal reporting office, including the reporting channel (section 14 (1) HinSchG). Third parties may include lawyers, external consultants, trade union representatives or employee representatives.

However, engaging a third party does not relieve the employer of the obligation to take appropriate action to remedy a possible violation. In particular, for follow-up actions to check the validity of a report, there must be cooperation between the commissioned third party and the employer.

While the reporting channel may be outsourced, in respect of Covered Companies, the mechanism should be overseen by the Audit Committee or Board of Directors, as applicable.

Businesses may choose to manage reporting channels in-house or to outsource the management of reporting channels to third parties. Regardless, businesses should designate independent and impartial persons or departments (including third-party entities) to receive reports, maintain communication with whistleblowers, follow-up on reports and provide feedback to whistleblowers.

The internal reporting office implemented by the employer is, initially, authorised to process personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment of its task under the Whistleblower Protection Act (10 HinSchG). The wide-ranging processing authority allows the personal data contained in the reports to be both received and analysed by the reporting office. In addition, new personal data may be recorded and further processed during the implementation of the follow-up measures.

The employer's obligation to protect the data collected in the course of the whistleblowing procedure is then directly based on the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the German Federal Data Protection Act. This means, for instance, that data processing has to be limited to the extent necessary to fulfil the tasks of the internal and external reporting channel – data minimisation principle, (article 5 (1) lit. c) GDPR).

Finally, the processing of personal data is complemented by the confidentiality requirements of internal (and external) offices, (section 8 HinSchG).

As per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, notwithstanding any law in force, the competent authority will be required to conceal the identity of the complainant and the documents or information furnished by him for enquiry, unless so decided otherwise by the competent authority itself or it becomes necessary to reveal or produce the same under an order of a competent court. Any person who negligently or with a mala fide intention reveals the identity of a complainant will be punished with imprisonment for up to three years and also a fine of up to 50,000 rupees.

The Indian Companies Act does not impose any obligations on employers regarding data protection and the confidentiality of the complainant, witnesses, the inquiry process or the outcome of a whistleblower complaint, which is a crucial part of whistleblower protection. This will be subject to any such policy adopted by the company.

Personal data must not be retained or otherwise processed unless necessary for the purposes the personal data was collected. Further, reporting persons should be informed upfront of the personal data processing being carried out.

Any personal data collected under the Whistleblowing Act and that is relevant to the follow-up of the report must be deleted two years after the closure of the matter at the latest, unless the personal data controller has another lawful basis for continued processing.

Only authorised persons, departments or entities should be allowed to gain access to personal data related to the follow-up of a report. Furthermore, access to personal data should be kept on a need-to-know basis.

The reporting channels must be designed in such a way that only the persons responsible for receiving and processing the reports as well as the persons assisting them in fulfilling these tasks have access to the incoming reports. It must, therefore, be ensured that no unauthorised persons have access to the identity of the person making the report or to the report itself. This has implications for the technical design of the internal reporting channel.

Also, the persons entrusted with running the internal reporting office must indeed be independent in the exercise of their activities and the company must ensure that such persons have the necessary expertise. Therefore, smaller or medium-sized companies should especially assess whether it will be more efficient to assign an experienced external ombudsperson to receive and initially process incoming reports. However, the ombudsperson who takes the call in this case is a witness bound to tell the truth, even if this is, for example, a company lawyer.

According to the German Whistleblower Protection Act, the internal whistleblowing reporting office is not obliged by law to accept or process anonymous reports; however, they “shall” be processed.  Companies should therefore assess carefully whether they provide systems that enable anonymous reports, as this may increase the number of abusive reports and make enquiries impossible. On the other hand, some ISO standards require the receipt of anonymous reports. Therefore, should a company seek certification according to these ISO standards, the whistleblower procedure to be set up must allow for the processing of anonymous reports.

Key aspects that should be borne in mind while formulating a whistleblower policy or procedure are:

• a special or distinct committee or channel must be created for receiving and handling disclosures, giving the whistleblowing mechanism a fair, neutral and independent institutional framework;
• the reporting mechanism should be systematic, simple and straightforward to facilitate an early and easy disclosure of any wrongdoing. The procedure for disclosure must be easily comprehensible and should be accessible by all employees or individuals associated with the organisation;
• the policy should provide adequate assurances and comfort regarding confidentiality of the identity of the whistleblower, continuity of association with the organisation, and the steps that the organisation will take to ensure that the whistleblower is not victimised, discriminated against or adversely impacted in any manner pursuant to the disclosure (including facilitating legal assistance at the organisation’s cost, if necessary);
• the policy should ensure that no action will be taken against whistleblowers who make disclosures in good faith and even allow for anonymous reporting; and
• identification of what matters may be reported under the policy, the persons against whom such matters can be reported, the process that should be followed by the organisation, remedial measures, details of persons with whom reported information will be shared, and an overview of the mechanism for protecting whistleblowers and persons cooperating with an investigation, etc.  

Businesses should ensure that personal data processed through a whistleblowing channel is handled according to the GDPR and the Whistleblowing Act, meaning the personal data controller should implement sufficient technical and organisational safety measures to protect personal data.

Further, employees and other impacted persons should, as a general rule, be informed upfront of any processing of personal data that may take place.

The Whistleblower Protection Act´s  material scope of application goes beyond European legal requirements. It extends the material scope of application to all violations that are subject to punishment (section 2 (1) No. 1 HinSchG). Additionally, violations subject to fines are included insofar as the violated regulation serves to protect life, body, health or the rights of employees or their representative bodies (section 2 (1) No. 2 HinSchG). The last alternative covers not only regulations that directly serve occupational health and safety or health protection, but also related notification and documentation requirements, for example under the Minimum Wage Act. Thus, as a result, section 2 (2) No. 2 HinSchG covers the majority of administrative offences in the context of employment.

Finally, the Whistleblower Protection Act also provides for a list of infringements that predominantly correspond to the relevant areas of law according to the recitals of the EU Whistleblower Directive.

As per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, a whistleblower may make a complaint or disclosure relating to:

• the committing of or an attempt to commit an offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 by a public servant;
• wilful misuse of power or wilful misuse of discretion by which demonstrable loss is caused to the government or demonstrable wrongful gain accrues to the public servant or any third party; and
• the committing of or an attempt to commit a criminal offence by a public servant.

The Companies Act only states that stakeholders of a company may report “genuine concerns” under the vigil mechanism. While the definition of “concerns” has not been provided for under the Companies Act, it would be a prudent assumption that it covers instances of suspected fraud and non-compliance with applicable laws, rules and procedures or any other wrongdoing that would adversely affect the organisation or stakeholders at large (financially or otherwise).

As a starting point, any breach, violation, irregularity or misconduct, as well as any personal grievance, may be subject to whistleblowing.

That said, the Whistleblowing Act only applies to whistleblowing in a work-related context concerning:

• violations of EU law as per the Whistleblowing Directive; and
• irregularities in the public interest.

Irregularities in the public interest include any act, omission, accident or other occurrence, whether intentional or negligent, ongoing or historical that may harm the public at large. Whistleblowing concerning other irregularities and misconduct, such as personal grievances or concerns related to the reporting person’s working conditions, are not protected under the Whistleblowing Act. Instead, such whistleblowing may be protected under, for example, the Discrimination Act.

Also, note that the Whistleblowing Act does not apply to whistleblowing concerning certain matters of national security.

The Whistleblower Protection Act itself does not distinguish between different sectors regarding the internal reporting process. However, it contains an enumerative list of regulations from other statutes that take precedence over the Whistleblower Protection Act for the reporting of information on violations; these regulations are therefore lex specialis compared to the Whistleblower Protection Act (section 4 (1) HinSchG). Priority special provisions are, among others, regulated by the Money Laundering Act, the Banking Act, the Insurance Supervision Act and the Stock Exchange Act.    

The Whistle Blowers Act of 2014 targets public servants and is intended to prevent corruption, misappropriation of assets and misuse of power in the public sector. Further, provided a whistleblower makes full and true disclosure of all material facts, the settlement commissions established under the Income Tax Act 1961 and the Goods and Services Tax Act 2016 have the power to grant them immunity from those statutory penalties. Similarly, the Competition Commission of India established under the Competition Act 2002 possesses the power to award a reduced penalty to an informant who is a part of an anticompetitive cartel and makes a full, true and vital disclosure.  The Securities Exchange Board of India also rewards whistleblowers who are themselves guilty of violating securities law by granting anonymity and a pardon for their complete cooperation. Lastly, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) prescribes for whistleblowing mechanisms to be adopted by various banks and financial institutions.

Yes, there are sector-specific regulations that have precedence over the Whistleblowing Act, such as within the financial services sector.

Also, certain professionals can be held liable for any wilful breach of qualified secrecy applicable by law.

A whistleblower is a natural person who, in the context of his or her professional activity or in the preliminary stages of professional activity, has obtained information about violations and reports or discloses it to the – internal or external – reporting offices provided for under the Whistleblower Protection Act (section 1 (1) HinSchG).

The Whistleblower Protection Act also applies to the protection of persons who are subject to a report or disclosure, as well as other persons who are affected by a report or disclosure, (section 1 (2) HinSchG).

As per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, a whistleblower is referred to as a “complainant” and it is defined as any person who makes a complaint relating to:

• the committing of or an attempt to commit an offence by a public servant under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988;
• wilful misuse of power or wilful misuse of discretion by which demonstrable loss is caused to the government or demonstrable wrongful gain accrues to the public servant or any third party; or
• the committing of or an attempt to commit  a criminal offence by a public servant.

The Companies Act does not define “whistleblower” but it is generally understood to be a person who has first-hand information of fraud or other kinds of misbehaviour or unethical activity or wrongdoing within an organisation and discloses the same in the overall interest of the organisation and all its stakeholders.

There is no legal definition of “whistleblower” under Swedish law.

However, the Whistleblowing Act defines a “reporting person” as a person who in a work-related context has received or collected information about irregularities in the public interest and who reports such irregularities and who belongs to one or more of the following categories:

• employees (including part-time and fixed-term employees, and including management team members);
• job applicants;
• volunteers (including applicants);
• trainees (including applicants);
• persons otherwise available to perform or who perform work under the supervision or direction of the business (including agency and temp workers);
• self-employed people who seek to or who perform services (including independent contractors and subcontractors);
• persons available to be or who are part of the business’s administrative, management or supervisory bodies (including the managing director and members of the board);
• shareholders who are available to or who operate within the business; or
• persons having belonged to any of the above categories and having received or collected the information in their work-based relationship with the business.

Whistleblowers may be employees, but also, for instance, self-employed persons, volunteers, members of corporate bodies or employees of suppliers. In addition to persons who obtain knowledge in advance, such as in a job interview or during pre-contractual negotiations, the scope of protection also includes those for whom the employment or service relationship has been terminated. As a result, the status of a whistleblower is not dependent on formal criteria such as type of employment.

There are no limitations or qualifications on who can be a whistleblower. Any person with knowledge of a breach or wrongdoing may report it and qualify as a whistleblower.

Please see question 12.

To be qualified as a whistleblower, the person providing the information must have obtained the information in the context of his or her professional activity or in the preliminary stages of professional activity. Information about violations falls within the substantive scope of the Act only if it relates to the employing entity or another entity with which the whistleblower is or has been in professional contact.

Not applicable.

Please see question 12.

The Whistleblower Protection Act does not state that the employer must set up reporting channels in such a way that anonymous reports are admissible (section 16 (1) HinSchG). Also, external reporting offices do not have to process anonymous reports (section 27 (1) HinSchG). According to the Whistleblower Protection Act, however, anonymous reports “shall” be processed by the internal and external reporting offices. Against this background, employers are entirely free to choose whether to provide systems that allow for the submission and processing of anonymous reports or not.

As per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, a complaint is only acted upon by the competent authority if the complainant discloses their identity in the complaint. Complainants providing false identities or anonymous complaints are not recognised.

However, there is no embargo under the Companies Act against anonymous reporting concerning the activities of companies. The Audit Committee or Board of Directors may independently assess the contents of the anonymous complaint and take necessary action or attempt to reach out to the whistleblower for further information and cooperation. Leading business organisations in India allow anonymous complaints and have put in place processes to safeguard the identity of whistleblowers, and ensure the confidentiality of the investigation process.

Yes; however, a business is under no obligation to accept anonymous reports and can demand that whistleblowers identify themselves in connection with reporting.

In principle, the whistleblowers do not have to be direct witnesses to a violation. However, they must have obtained information about violations in connection with or before their professional activities. Violation information is defined as a reasonable suspicion or knowledge of actual or potential breaches and attempts to conceal such breaches that have occurred or are very likely to occur (section 3 (3) HinSchG). However, only whistleblowers acting in good faith are protected from any discriminatory measures as a result of their report.

There is no such requirement prescribed under applicable laws and the information provided by whistleblowers may be independently assessed and acted upon, notwithstanding the fact that the whistleblower was not a first-hand witness to the reported act.

No; however, a whistleblower seeking protection under the Whistleblowing Act must have received or collected the information in a work-related context.

Also, a whistleblower must have reasonable grounds to believe that the information reported is true.

The whistleblower procedure requires – in its broad outlines – that the personal and material scope of the Whistleblower Protection Act is applicable. Assuming this, the whistleblower must have obtained information about violations in connection with his or her professional activities or in advance of professional activities. In a further step, the whistleblower must report or disclose these violations to the internal and external reporting bodies responsible. The Reporting Office will issue an acknowledgement of receipt to the person making the report within seven days. Within three months of the acknowledgement of receipt, feedback will be provided to the whistleblower on planned and already taken follow-up measures and their reasoning. This information will be documented in compliance with the principle of confidentiality. This documentation will be deleted two years after the conclusion of the proceedings.

For Covered Companies, the terms and conditions, as well as the whistleblowing procedure, will be subject to the policy adopted by them. As regards the procedure under the Whistle Blower Protection Act, upon receipt of a complaint the competent authority should conceal the identity of the complainant, or the public servant in the first instance, and make a discreet inquiry, as may be appropriate , to ascertain whether there is any basis for proceeding further to investigate the disclosure. If the competent authority, either as a result of the discreet inquiry, or on the basis of the disclosure itself without any inquiry, believes that the disclosure needs to be investigated, it shall seek comments, explanation or reports from the Head of the Department of the organisation or authority, board or corporation, or office concerned. Pursuant to this, if the competent authority believes that such comments or explanations or report reveals either willful misuse of power or willful misuse of discretion or substantiates allegations of corruption, it shall recommend that the public authority take appropriate measures against the public servant, which may range from corrective action to initiation of criminal proceedings against the public servant.

A whistleblowing procedure under the Whistleblowing Act must be designed to meet the following requirements:

• the whistleblower must be able to report both in writing and verbally (including in a physical meeting); and
• as a main rule, the whistleblower:
  • must receive an acknowledgement of receipt of the report within seven days of reporting;
  • should receive feedback regarding any action envisaged or taken as follow-up and on the grounds for such follow-up within three months of the acknowledgment of receipt of the report; and
  • should receive feedback regarding any action envisaged or taken as follow-up and on the grounds for such follow-up within three months of the acknowledgment of receipt of the report; and

It is possible to deviate from the above terms and conditions by way of a CBA; however, only as it relates to employees of the business (see question 3).

There is no legally binding hierarchy between internal and external reporting channels. Therefore, the whistleblower has, in principle, the right to choose whether to report the violations externally or internally. However, in cases where effective internal action can be taken against violations, whistleblowers are to give preference to reporting to an internal reporting office. If an internally reported violation is not remedied, the whistleblower making the report is free to contact an external reporting office (section 7 (1) HinSchG).

This would be subject to the policy and reporting channels prescribed under the whistleblowing policy.

The Whistleblowing Act distinguishes between:

• internal reporting;
• external reporting; and
• public disclosures.

According to the Whistleblowing Act, a whistleblower is always free to choose to report either:

• internally via or outside the internal reporting channels; or
• via external reporting channels.

External reporting outside external reporting channels and public disclosures, however; are only protected where specific conditions are met. The Whistleblowing Act allows:

• external reporting outside external reporting channels where the whistleblower:
  • has reported externally without such reporting having resulted in appropriate follow-up action or where the whistleblower has not received feedback within the statutory timelines; or
  • has reasonable grounds to believe that there is an imminent or manifest danger to life, health, safety or risk of substantial damage to the environment or otherwise has a legitimate reason; or
  • has reasonable grounds to believe that external reporting would entail a risk of retaliation or not result in the irregularity being effectively addressed.

• public disclosures (including social media posts) where the whistleblower:
  • has reported externally without such reporting having resulted in appropriate follow-up action or where the whistleblower has not received feedback within the statutory timelines; or
  • has reasonable grounds to believe that there is an imminent or manifest danger to life, health, safety or risk of substantial damage to the environment or otherwise has a legitimate reason; or
  • has reasonable grounds to believe that external reporting would entail a risk of retaliation or not result in the irregularity being effectively addressed.

The Whistleblowing Act does not limit the protection offered to whistleblowers under other legislation, such as the Discrimination Act, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.

Once the reporting process at the internal reporting office is completed, the internal reporting office can take various follow-up actions. In addition to internal investigations, the process can also be handed over to a competent authority for further investigation (section 18 No. 4 HinSchG).

There is no blanket requirement for an employer to inform external authorities upon receipt of disclosure from a whistleblower. However, depending on the nature of the disclosure, its gravity and impact, employers may be required to report the same to certain authorities, including but not limited to the Securities Exchange Board of India, RBI or relevant stock exchanges (in the case of listed companies) or even the Serious Fraud Investigation Office.

There is no such legal requirement.

As a principle, the disclosure of inaccurate information about violations is prohibited under the Whistleblower Protection Act (section 32 (2) HinSchG). A whistleblower may, however, not be sanctioned if the facts, after being verified, are merely not confirmed or do not constitute a violation in the final analysis. If the information disclosed was incorrect, the following legal consequences will apply:

On the one hand, the whistleblower must compensate for any damage resulting from intentional or grossly negligent reporting or disclosure of incorrect information (section 38 HinSchG). The whistleblower's liability for damages is based on the fact that a false report or disclosure has far-reaching consequences for the person affected or accused. The effects may no longer be completely reversible. According to the Whistleblower Protection Act, claims for damages resulting from merely negligent incorrect reporting should not arise. Besides, only whistleblowers acting in good faith are protected from further repercussions.

On the other hand, the whistleblower acts improperly if he intentionally discloses incorrect information in violation of section 32 (2) of the Whistleblower Protection Act (section 40 (1) HinSchG). This administrative offence may be punished with a fine of up to 20,000 EUR (section 40 (5) HinSchG).

There are no sanctions prescribed under the Companies Act if the facts, once verified, are not confirmed or do not constitute an infringement.

However, as per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, only persons who make any disclosure with a mala fide intention or knowing that it was incorrect or false or misleading, shall be punishable with imprisonment for up to two years and a fine of up to 30,000 rupees.

If the whistleblower, at the time of reporting, had reasonable grounds to believe that the information reported was true (and of course assuming that all other conditions for protection are met) the whistleblower cannot, as a main rule, be sanctioned or otherwise held accountable.

However, this does not apply to a willful breach of qualified secrecy or to the collection of information where such collection constitutes a self-standing criminal offence.

Retaliation against the whistleblower is prohibited under the Whistleblower Protection Act. This also applies to threats and attempts at retaliation (section 36 (1) HinSchG). In addition, it is prohibited to interfere or attempt to interfere with reports or communications between a whistleblower and the reporting office (section 7 (2) HinSchG).

If the whistleblower was nevertheless obstructed, the following legal consequences will apply: if a retaliation occurs, the person causing the violation must compensate the whistleblower for the resulting damage. However, this does not entitle the whistleblower to an employment relationship, a vocational training relationship, any other contractual relationship, or career advancement.

In addition, taking an illegal reprisal or interfering with the communications between the whistleblower and the reporting office constitutes an administrative offence, which can be punished with a fine of up to 50,000 EUR (section 40 (2) No. 3, (5) HinSchG).

Protection is only offered to whistleblowers under the Whistle Blower Protection Act after they report fraudulent activity or non-compliance, and not before. Accordingly, there is a lacuna in the Whistle Blower Protection Act (as well as the Companies Act) as far as they fail to prescribe sanctions to those who obstruct an individual from reporting fraudulent activity or non-compliance.

A business that prevents or hinders whistleblowing or retaliates against whistleblowers can be liable to pay financial and general damages to the relevant person.

The SWEA may also order the business to implement whistleblowing procedures under the Whistleblowing Act, or be subject to a fine.

To obtain protection, the whistleblower generally has to contact the responsible internal or external reporting offices. Disclosure of information about violations directly to the public is subject to strict conditions. This is only permissible, for example, if there is a risk of irreversible damage or in cases where the external reporting agency has not taken the required measures (section 32 (1) HinSchG).

The whistleblower providing the information must further act in good faith (ie, must have reasonable cause to believe, at the time of the report or disclosure that the information disclosed is true, and the information relates to violations that fall within the material scope of the Whistleblower Protection Act (section 33 (1) No. 2 and 3 HinSchG).

As per the Whistle Blower Protection Act, if any person believes they are being victimised because they filed a complaint, made disclosures or rendered assistance in an inquiry under the Act, they may apply to the competent authority designated under the Whistle Blower Protection Act and seek protection.

The authority may take such action, as appropriate, and give suitable directions to the concerned public servant or the public authority (including the jurisdictional police to protect such person from being victimised or to avoid such victimisation. However, it is important to note that the Whistle Blower Protection Act does not clarify or lay down any standards or definitions for “victimisation”, and the same is subject to the assessment of the competent authority.

The process to be followed by whistleblowers in respect of Covered Companies or other establishments is subject to the policy adopted by such establishments.

Regarding the procedure, please see questions 17 and 18.

A reporting person (see question 12) receives protection under the Whistleblowing Act when:

• the reported information concerns either:
  • a violation of EU law; or
  • an irregularity in the public interest (cf. question 10) in a business in which the reporting person is or has been operative or will operate, or with which the reporting person is or has been in contact through the reporting person’s work; and
• the reporting person has reasonable grounds to believe that the reported is true; and
• the reporting is made internally or externally to an authority (including both national and EU bodies) or publicly disclosed under the Whistleblowing Act.

A whistleblower may also enjoy protection under other applicable legislation, such as the Discrimination Act.

The most fundamental part of the protection is the prohibition of retaliation against the whistleblower. Therefore, the reporting or disclosing of information may not result in unjustified disadvantages such as disciplinary measures, dismissal or other discrimination against the person providing the information. In Addition, the Whistleblower Protection Act still contains a reversal of the burden of proof if the whistleblower suffers a disadvantage in connection with their professional activities. However, it is presumed that the disadvantage is a reprisal for the tip-off only if the whistleblower also asserts this themself. It should be noted, however, that the reversal of the burden of proof in favour of the whistleblower will only apply in labour court disputes and not in fining proceedings.

Furthermore, the Whistleblower Protection Act contains an exclusion of responsibility. Thus, a whistleblower cannot be made legally responsible for obtaining or accessing information that he or she has reported or disclosed, unless the obtaining or accessing of the information and the procurement or access as such constitutes an independent criminal offence (section 35 (1) HinSchG). In addition, a whistleblower does not violate any disclosure restrictions and may not be held legally responsible for the disclosure of information made in a report or disclosure if he or she had reasonable cause to believe that the disclosure of the information was necessary to detect a violation.

While the Whistle Blower Protection Act does not define the specific scope of protection that may be provided to the complainant, the competent authority has a wide range of powers to take such action, as it deems fit, depending on the facts and circumstances of each case, and may give suitable directions to the concerned public servant or the public authority (including the jurisdictional police) to protect the whistleblower or witnesses.

However, the competent authority is not empowered to impose civil or criminal sanctions against perpetrators for any sort of physical harassment or attacks on whistleblowers.

The Whistleblowing Act provides whistleblowers with protection against criminal, administrative and civil liability:

• for any breach of confidentiality except for liability for the wilful breach of qualified secrecy; or
• for the collection of information provided that the person had reasonable grounds to believe that the collecting was necessary to uncover the irregularities, save for when the collecting constitutes a self-standing criminal offence.

The Whistleblowing Act further protects whistleblowers against any retaliation and prohibits businesses from restricting or hindering reporting.

At first, the person providing the information may not be subject to legal liability for obtaining or accessing information that he or she has reported or disclosed. This does not apply if the procurement or access as such constitutes an independent criminal offence (section 35 (1) HinSchG).

In addition, whistleblowers are protected by a comprehensive prohibition of retaliation. Therefore, any adverse consequences caused by disclosure are prohibited. These include, for example, dismissal, disciplinary measures or salary reductions (section 36 (1) HinSchG). Measures that violate the prohibition are void under section 134 of the Civil Code. The prohibition of retaliation is rounded off by a reversal of the burden of proof. According to this, it is presumed that a disadvantage that occurs after a disclosure is retaliation. As a consequence, the person who has disadvantaged the whistleblower has to prove that it is factually justified and was not based on the report or the disclosure if the whistleblower also asserts the disadvantage himself (section 36 (2) HinSchG).

In addition, the whistleblower is entitled to damages in the event of a violation (section 37(1) HinSchG).

The Whistle Blower Protection Act and Companies Act do not prescribe any support measures for the status of whistleblowers.

The competent authorities are responsible for providing easily accessible information on the advice and support offered by the authority and other parties.

If a whistleblower abusively reports a violation, this may initially give rise to criminal liability. Possible criminal offences are pretending to have committed a criminal offence (section 145d of the Criminal Code), false suspicion (section 164 of the Criminal Code) or offences of honour (section 185 et seq of the Criminal Code).

The whistleblower providing the abusive information also must compensate for any damage resulting from intentional or grossly negligent reporting or disclosure of incorrect information (section 38 HinSchG). Furthermore, there may be competing claims for damages, for example under section 823 (2) of the Civil Code in conjunction with a protective law.

Moreover, the whistleblower commits an administrative offence if he or she intentionally discloses inaccurate information. This may be punished with a fine of up to 20,000 EUR (section 40 (1), (6) HinSchG).

In principle, the whistleblower is free to decide whether he or she reports a violation through the internal or the external reporting channel (section 7 (1) HinSchG). However, if a violation is disclosed to the public directly (ie, without first using internal or external reporting channels and without there being an exceptional circumstance for this), the whistleblower is generally not subject to the protection of sections 35 to 37 of the Whistleblower Protection Act. Only in narrow exceptions is the whistleblower still protected, for example, if there is a danger of irreversible damage or comparable circumstances may represent an immediate or obvious threat to the public interest.

Apart from the risk of retaliation and adverse action in terms of withholding or denial of benefits, termination of the engagement, etc, historically, whistleblowers in India have also faced the risk of death and physical injury, especially in matters that involve public institutions related to scams and frauds. It may not be possible to identify and list all the risks that a whistleblower may be subjected to, as it will depend on the nature of the activity reported by him, the persons involved in such activity, the gravity, magnitude and impact of the disclosure and the position of the whistleblower within the organisation.

In a worst-case scenario, the whistleblower lacks protection under the law and may therefore be held criminally, administratively and civilly liable and, as applicable, subject to disciplinary measures.