Employment in Financial Services

Depending on the regulatory status of the employing entity and, as the case may be, on the exact activities of a financial service employee, a financial service employee needs to adhere to certain code of conduct rules (eg, regarding transparency and care, documentation and accountability).

Supervised companies in Switzerland are, in principle, required to set up an organisation that ensures the compliance with Swiss financial market laws and its statutory code of conduct rules. For this purpose, among others, companies are required to issue regulations that their employees must follow.

Under Swiss financial market laws, code of conduct rules are generally based on abstract statutory rules and concretized by recognised privately organised associations.

In particular, several professional organisations (eg, the Swiss Bankers Association or the Asset Management Association) and self-regulated organisations issue their own set of code of conduct rules that members are required to follow.

Employees in some states, including California and New York, are required to receive periodic sexual harassment training.

Employers are also required to implement anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies that:

• contain information about where and how employees can report improper conduct;
• prohibit retaliation for reporting or opposing improper conduct, or participating in an investigation regarding misconduct; and
• comply with state and local provisions that require employer policies to contain certain provisions (eg, New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco).

New York law prohibits employers from mandating confidentiality or non-disclosure provisions when settling sexual harassment claims (though it allows such provisions where it is the employee’s preference to include them).

California law prohibits employers from mandating confidentiality or non-disclosure provisions in employment agreements, settlement agreements, and separation agreements that are designed to restrict an employee's ability to disclose information about unlawful acts in the workplace, including information pertaining to harassment or discrimination or any other conduct the employee has reason to believe is unlawful.

FINRA and the SEC both have requirements and recommendations for social media use.

FINRA requires that broker-dealers retain records of social media communications related to the broker-dealer’s business made using social media sites and adopt policies and procedures designed to ensure that their employees who use social media sites for business purposes are appropriately supervised and trained, and do not present an undue risk to investors.

The SEC similarly requires that social media use complies with all federal security laws, including antifraud, compliance, and recordkeeping provisions.

Banking regulators provide guidance stating that each financial institution is expected to carry out an appropriate risk assessment that takes social media activities into consideration.

As a general principle, supervised companies are required to ensure that persons holding, in particular, executive, overall management, oversight or control functions fulfil the requirements of the “fit and proper” test. Consequently, such persons must be of good repute and can guarantee compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

If a person cannot guarantee that the regulatory requirements are fulfilled at all times (eg, because of a material breach of its duties) the employing entity and its audit companies may be required to immediately report to FINMA, respectively, any incident that is of significance.

FINRA members must report to FINRA within 30 calendar days after the firm has concluded, or reasonably should have concluded, that an associated person of the firm or the firm itself has violated any securities, insurance, commodities, financial or investment-related laws, rules, regulations or standards of conduct of any domestic or foreign regulatory body or self-regulatory organisation.

While there is no requirement to report misconduct to regulators, the SEC routinely gives credit to organisations that voluntarily choose to self-report, which can lead to reduced fines, non-prosecution agreements, deferred prosecution agreements, waivers of disqualification following regulatory or criminal actions, or more organisation-friendly language in settlement documents. However, such disclosed information may later be discoverable by private plaintiffs.

The SEC has issued guidance that a failure to self-report significant misconduct can lead to more severe penalties.