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Guide to Employment in Financial Services

In a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape, employers in the financial services sector must ensure they are fully compliant with local employment rules and procedures. Helping to mitigate risk, IEL’s guide provides clear answers to the key issues facing employers in the sector.

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01. What is the primary regulatory regime applicable to financial services employees in your jurisdiction?

01. What is the primary regulatory regime applicable to financial services employees in your jurisdiction?

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Hong Kong

  • at Morgan Lewis & Bockius
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The primary regulatory regime applicable to financial services employees in Hong Kong are as follows:

  • Under the Banking Ordinance (BO), the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) is responsible for regulating all authorised institutions (banks, restricted-licence banks and deposit-taking companies). In particular, the HKMA needs to ensure that the chief executive, directors, controllers and executive officers of the authorised institutions are “fit and proper”.
  • Under the Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO), the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) is responsible for regulating the securities and futures markets. Employees performing any regulated functions under the SFO must obtain the requisite licence from the SFC. Relevant individuals engaged by the authorised institutions who perform regulated functions (eg, bank staff working in the securities dealing department) are not required to be licensed or registered with the SFC but their names have to be entered in the register maintained by the HKMA.
  • Under the Insurance Ordinance (IO), the Insurance Authority (IA) is responsible for regulating the insurance industry. Employees carrying on a regulated activity under the IO must obtain the requisite licence from the IA.
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02. Are there particular pre-screening measures that need to be taken when engaging a financial services employee?  Does this vary depending on seniority or type of role?  In particular, is there any form of regulator-specified reference that has to be provided by previous employers in the financial services industry?
 

02. Are there particular pre-screening measures that need to be taken when engaging a financial services employee?  Does this vary depending on seniority or type of role?  In particular, is there any form of regulator-specified reference that has to be provided by previous employers in the financial services industry?
 

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Hong Kong

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There are no particular pre-screening measures specified by the financial regulators in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, financial institutions would generally conduct background checks on prospective employees (especially those taking on senior positions) to ensure they comply with the “fit and proper” requirements of the financial regulators.

There is no particular form of regulator-specified reference to be provided by previous employers in the financial services industry. Nevertheless, the SFC has specified disclosure obligations for licensed corporations in respect of outgoing employees who were subject to internal investigations (see question 10).

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03. What documents should be put in place when engaging employees within the financial services industry?  Are any particular contractual documents required?
 

03. What documents should be put in place when engaging employees within the financial services industry?  Are any particular contractual documents required?
 

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Hong Kong

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In addition to an employment contract, there are additional documentation requirements in connection with the application or transfer of the employee’s licence with the financial regulators.

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04. Do any categories of employee need to have special certification in order to undertake duties for financial services employers?  If so, what are the requirements that apply?
 

04. Do any categories of employee need to have special certification in order to undertake duties for financial services employers?  If so, what are the requirements that apply?
 

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Hong Kong

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SFC

The “Guidelines on Competence” published by the SFC lists the necessary qualifications for employees carrying on regulated activities. For academic qualifications, employees should attain at least Level 2 in either English or Chinese as well as in Mathematics in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education or equivalent. In addition, employees are expected to obtain recognised industry qualifications and pass the local regulatory framework paper. For responsible officers (ROs), the SFC requires higher levels of educational qualifications and experience.

IA

The “Guideline on ‘Fit and Proper’ Criteria for Licensed Insurance Intermediaries Under the Insurance Ordinance” published by the IA sets out the education requirements for licenced employees under the IO. Higher levels of educational qualifications are required for responsible officers.

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05. Do any categories of employee have enhanced responsibilities under the applicable regulatory regime?
 

05. Do any categories of employee have enhanced responsibilities under the applicable regulatory regime?
 

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Hong Kong

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Under the SFO, ROs have enhanced responsibilities. They assume primary responsibility for compliance at a licensed corporation and are involved in supervising the regulated activities. A licensed corporation is required to appoint no less than two ROs to directly supervise the conduct of each regulated activity. Similarly, under the BO, registered institutions are required to appoint no less than two executive officers to be responsible for directly supervising the conduct of each regulated activity under the SFO. For each regulated activity, at least one RO must be available at all times to supervise the business and must be an executive director.

Under the IO, an RO of a licensed insurance agency or licensed insurance broker company has enhanced responsibilities. Responsible officers must use their best endeavours to ensure the agency or broker has established and maintains proper controls and procedures for securing compliance with the conduct requirements under the IO.

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06. Is there a register of financial services employees that individuals will need to be listed on to undertake particular business activities?  If so, what are the steps required for registration?

06. Is there a register of financial services employees that individuals will need to be listed on to undertake particular business activities?  If so, what are the steps required for registration?

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Hong Kong

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The HKMA, SFC and IA each have a register for licensed employees to be listed on to undertake regulated activities:

  • HKMA – the register of securities staff of authorised institutions is available on the HKMA’s website[1]. For registration, the names and particulars of the relevant individuals are required to be submitted to the HKMA for inclusion on the HKMA Register.
  • SFC – the register of licensed persons is available on the SFC’s website[2]. For registration, individual applicants would need to submit an electronic application to the SFC through its online platform. When there is a change of employment, the licensed representative may apply for a transfer of accreditation through SFC’s online platform within 180 days after the cessation of the previous employment. It takes approximately seven business days to process an application for transfer of accreditation to carry on the same types of regulated activity for which the licensed representative was licensed immediately before the cessation.
  • IA – the register of licensed insurance intermediaries is available on the IA’s website[3]. For registration, applicants can submit their licence applications to the IA by paper submission or electronic submission via an online portal.
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07. Are there any specific rules relating to compensation payable to financial services employees in your jurisdiction, including, for example, limits on variable compensation, or provisions for deferral, malus and/or clawback of monies paid to employees?
 

07. Are there any specific rules relating to compensation payable to financial services employees in your jurisdiction, including, for example, limits on variable compensation, or provisions for deferral, malus and/or clawback of monies paid to employees?
 

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Hong Kong

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  • at Morgan Lewis & Bockius

There are no specific mandatory rules relating to compensation payable to financial services employees in Hong Kong.

The HKMA has issued a Supervisory Policy Manual CG-5 “Guideline on a Sound Remuneration System”. This focuses on providing a broad idea and introducing basic principles of how remuneration policies should be designed and implemented in the authorised institution, to encourage employee behaviour that supports the risk management framework, corporate values and long-term financial soundness of the authorised institution.

Under the Guideline, the elements of a sound remuneration system are as follows:

Governance

  • Remuneration policy should be in line with objectives, business strategies and the long-term goals of the authorised institution.
  • The remuneration arrangement for employees whose activities could have a material impact on the authorised institution’s risk profile and financial soundness should support, but not undermine, the overall risk management approach.
  • The Board of an authorised institution is ultimately responsible for overseeing the formulation and implementation of the remuneration policy.
  • The establishment of a Board remuneration committee would assist the Board in discharging its responsibility for the design and operation of the authorised institution’s remuneration system.
  • Risk control personnel should have appropriate authority and involvement in the process of design and implementation of the authorised institution’s remuneration policy.

Structure of remuneration

  • Balance of fixed and variable remuneration should be determined with regard to the seniority, role, responsibilities and activities of their employees and the need to promote behaviour among employees that support the authorised institution’s risk-management framework and long-term financial soundness.
  • Variable remuneration should be paid in such a manner as to align an employee’s incentive awards with long-term value creation and the time horizons of risk.
  • Guaranteed minimum bonus to senior management or key personnel should be subject to the approval of the Board (or the Board’s remuneration committee with the necessary delegated authority).

Measurement of performance for variable remuneration

  • The award of variable remuneration should depend on the fulfilment of certain pre-determined and assessable performance criteria, which include both financial and non-financial factors.
  • Size and allocation of variable remuneration should take into account the current and potential risks associated with the activities of employees, as well as the performance (overall performance of the relevant business units and the authorised institution as a whole as well as the contribution of individual employees to such performance).
  • Judgement and common sense may be required during the process to arrive at a fair and appropriate remuneration decision. The rationale for the exercise of judgment and the outcomes should be recorded in writing.

Alignment of remuneration pay-outs to the time horizon of risks

  • Deferment of variable remuneration is appropriate when the risks taken by the employee in question are harder to measure or will be realised over a longer timeframe.
  • The award of deferred remuneration should be subject to a minimum vesting period and pre-defined vesting conditions in respect of future performance.
  • Authorised institutions should seek undertakings from employees not to engage in personal hedging strategies or remuneration and liability-related insurance to hedge their exposures in respect of the unvested portion of their deferred remuneration.

Remuneration disclosure

  • Authorised institutions should make remuneration disclosures at least annually. The disclosure should include the qualitative and quantitative information that the HKMA has set out in its annual remuneration disclosure.
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08. Are there particular training requirements for employees in the financial services sector?

08. Are there particular training requirements for employees in the financial services sector?

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Hong Kong

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SFC

Persons engaging in regulated activities are required to continuously update their knowledge and skills through continuous professional training (CPT). The “Guidelines on Continuous Professional Training” published by the SFC provides for the following CPT requirements:

  • a minimum of 10 CPT hours a year for licensed representatives and relevant individuals; and
  • a minimum of 12 CPT hours a year for responsible officers and executive officers (including 2 CPT hours on topics relating to regulatory compliance).

In addition, an individual should attend at least five CPT hours a year (out of the 10 hours for licensed representatives and relevant individuals and 12 hours for responsible officers and executive officers) on topics directly relevant to the regulated activities for which he or she is licensed at the time the CPT hours are undertaken.

HKMA

The HKMA has implemented the “Enhanced Competency Framework”(ECF) for banking practitioners. While the ECF is not a mandatory regime, banks are strongly encouraged to adopt it as the benchmark for enhancing the level of core competence and ongoing professional development of banking practitioners.

IA

Under the “Guideline on Continuing Professional Development for Licensed Insurance Intermediaries”, licensed insurance intermediaries who are individuals are required to receive training through CPD to preserve their professional competence and standards in providing service to policyholders and potential policyholders.

The minimum number of CPD hours for individual licensees is 15 CPD hours for each assessment period, including a minimum of three compulsory CPD hours on “Ethics or Regulations” courses.

Financial services employees are also required to receive training on anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. New staff should be required to attend initial training as soon as possible after being hired or appointed. Apart from the initial training, refresher training should be provided regularly to ensure that staff are reminded of their responsibilities and are kept informed of new developments.

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09. Is there a particular code of conduct and/or are there other regulations regarding standards of behaviour that financial services employees are expected to adhere to?
 

09. Is there a particular code of conduct and/or are there other regulations regarding standards of behaviour that financial services employees are expected to adhere to?
 

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Hong Kong

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SFC

Under the SFO, licensed representatives and ROs are required to be “a fit and proper person” to carry on the regulated activities and must adhere to the standards of behaviour set out in the “Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Securities and Futures Commission”. Other relevant guidelines regarding standards of behaviour include:

  • “Fit and Proper Guidelines”, which set out the general expectations of the SFC of what is necessary to satisfy the licensing or registration requirements that a person is fit and proper.
  • “Guidelines on Competence”, which set out the competence requirements and its objective to ensure a person is equipped with the necessary technical skills and professional expertise to be “fit”, and is aware of the relevant ethical standards and regulatory knowledge to be “proper” in carrying on any regulated activities.

HKMA

Under the BO, employees of an authorised institution that carry on regulated activities under the SFO are required to be fit and proper. In addition, the HKMA needs to be satisfied that the chief executive, directors, controllers and executive officers of the authorised institutions are fit and proper. Other relevant guidelines regarding standards of behaviour include:

  • “Code of Banking Practice”, which is to be observed by authorised institutions in dealing with and providing services to their customers.
  • Supervisory Policy Manual CG – 2 “Systems of Control for Appointment of Managers”, which sets out the system of control that authorised institutions should have for ensuring the fitness and propriety of individuals appointed as managers.

IA

The conduct requirements for licensed insurance agents and brokers are set out in Division 4 of the IO. Other relevant codes and guidelines include:

  • “Code of Conduct for Licensed Insurance Agents”, which sets out the fundamental principles of professional conduct that buyers of insurance are entitled to expect in their dealings with licensed insurance agents.
  • “Code of Conduct for Licensed Insurance Brokers”, which sets out the fundamental principles of professional conduct that buyers of insurance are entitled to expect in their dealings with licensed insurance brokers.
  • “Guideline on ‘Fit and Proper’ Criteria under the Insurance Ordinance”
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10. Are there any circumstances in which notifications relating to the employee or their conduct will need to be made to local or international regulators?
 

10. Are there any circumstances in which notifications relating to the employee or their conduct will need to be made to local or international regulators?
 

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Hong Kong

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SFC – Self-reporting obligation

An SFC-licensed intermediary is subject to the self-reporting obligation under paragraph 12.5 of the “Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Securities and Futures Commission”. A licensed or registered person should report to the SFC immediately upon the occurrence of any material breach, infringement or non-compliance with any laws, rules regulations, and codes administered or issued by the SFC, exchange or clearing house of which it is a member or participant of, and the requirement of any regulatory authority applicable to that intermediary. This encompasses both actual and suspected breaches, infringements or non-compliance. In the report, the particulars of the actual or suspected breach, infringement or non-compliance, and relevant information and documents must be included to fulfil the obligation.

The same is to be reported by the registered institutions to the HKMA. The HKMA also requires authorised institutions to submit an incident report on the same day of discovering the incident.

SFC - Internal investigation disclosure obligation

In addition, a licensed corporation is required to provide the SFC with information about whether a licensed individual who ceases to be accredited to it (outgoing employee) was under any investigation commenced by the licensed corporation within six months preceding his or her cessation of accreditation. If the internal investigation commences after the notification of cessation of accreditation, the licensed corporation should also notify the SFC as soon as practicable. In addition, even if a firm has completed its investigation and made no negative findings against an outgoing employee, the firm will still be required to notify the SFC of the investigation.

The SFC expects licensed corporations to proactively disclose information about all investigative actions and the following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of investigations involving an outgoing employee that a licensed corporation should disclose to the SFC:

  • investigations about a suspected breach or breach of applicable laws, rules and regulations;
  • investigations about a suspected breach or breach of the licensed corporation's internal policies or procedures;
  • investigations about misconduct that are likely to give rise to concerns about the fitness and properness of the outgoing employee;
  • investigations about any matter that may have an adverse market or client impact; and
  • investigations about any matter potentially involving fraud, dishonesty and misfeasance.

HKMA – Reporting incidents to HKMA

According to the “Incident Response and Management Procedures” published by the HKMA, once an authorised institution has become aware that a significant incident has occurred, the authorised institution concerned should notify the HKMA immediately and provide it with whatever information is available at the time. An authorised institution should not wait until it has rectified the problem before reporting the incident to the HKMA.

According to the Supervisory Policy Manual SB-1 “Supervision of Regulated Activities of SFC-Registered Authorized Institutions”, to be in line with the reporting requirements imposed by the SFC on licensed representatives, authorised institutions will be required to notify the HKMA in writing within seven business days upon knowledge of the occurrence of certain information (including any subsequent changes) of the relevant individuals. The required information is on whether or not the person is or has been:

  • convicted of or charged with any criminal offence (other than a minor offence) in Hong Kong or elsewhere;
  • subject to any disciplinary action, or investigation by a regulatory body or criminal investigatory body (as the case may be) in Hong Kong or elsewhere;
  • subject to, or involved in the management of a corporation or business that has been or is subject to, any investigation by a criminal investigatory body or any regulatory body in Hong Kong or elsewhere concerning offences involving fraud or dishonesty;
  • engaged in any judicial or other proceedings, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, that is material or relevant to the fitness and propriety of the individual; or
  • bankrupt or aware of the existence of any matters that might render him insolvent or lead to the appointment of a receiver of his property under the Bankruptcy Ordinance.

HKMA – Guidance Note on Cooperation with HKMA Investigations

Under the “Guidance Note on Cooperation with the HKMA in Investigations and Enforcement Proceedings”, the HKMA encourages and recognises the cooperation of authorised institutions, banks and their staff in investigations and enforcement proceedings. Under this Guidance Note, cooperation includes early and voluntary reporting of any suspected breach or misconduct, taking a proactive approach to assist the HKMA’s investigation, and making timely arrangements to provide evidence and information.

IA – Self-reporting obligation

Under “the Code of Conduct for Licensed Insurance Agents/Brokers”, there is a self-reporting obligation by licensed insurance agencies or brokerages to the IA. A licensed insurance agency or brokerage is required to have proper controls and procedures to ensure the following incidents are reported to the IA as soon as is reasonably practicable:

  • a disciplinary action taken by the HKMA, the SFC or the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority;
  • a criminal conviction (other than a minor offence) by any court in Hong Kong or elsewhere;
  • any material breaches of requirements under the IO or any rules, regulations, codes or guidelines administered or issued by the IA; and
  • any material incidents which happen to the agency or brokerage.
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12. Are there any particular rules or protocols that apply when terminating the employment of an employee in the financial services sector, including where a settlement agreement is entered into?

12. Are there any particular rules or protocols that apply when terminating the employment of an employee in the financial services sector, including where a settlement agreement is entered into?

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Hong Kong

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There are no particular rules or protocols that apply when terminating the employment of an employee in the financial services sector. The termination procedures will follow the requirements under the Employment Ordinance and the contractual terms of the employment contract. In certain cases (eg, termination of senior executives), the parties may enter into a mutual release and settlement agreement.

The licensed corporations should notify the regulators of any changes, including cessation of appointment of the licensed representative and responsible officer or managers-in-charge of core functions, within seven business days. In the case of registered institutions, the notification should be made to both the SFC and the HKMA.

Under section 64R of the IO, within 14 days after the day on which an authorised insurer, a licensed insurance agency or a licensed insurance broker company (collectively, “Appointing Principal”) terminates the appointment of a licensed insurance agency, a licensed individual insurance agent, a licensed technical representative (agent), a licensed technical representative (broker) or a responsible officer (as the case may be), then the Appointing Principal should notify the IA in writing of the termination.

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13. Are there any particular rules that apply in relation to the use of post-termination restrictive covenants for employees in the financial services sector?

13. Are there any particular rules that apply in relation to the use of post-termination restrictive covenants for employees in the financial services sector?

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Hong Kong

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There are no particular rules that apply concerning the use of post-termination restrictive covenants for employees in the financial services sector. The rules concerning post-termination restrictive covenants are governed by common law principles in which they will only be enforced if the restriction is necessary for the protection of the employer’s legitimate business interest and is reasonable in scope and duration.

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14. Are non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) potentially lawful in your jurisdiction? If so, must they follow any particular form or rules?

14. Are non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) potentially lawful in your jurisdiction? If so, must they follow any particular form or rules?

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Hong Kong

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Non-disclosure agreements are legally enforceable in Hong Kong. They follow the contract law rules and there is no other particular form or rules. To be enforceable, a non-disclosure agreement must protect information that is both confidential and valuable. There are common exceptions where confidentiality will not apply to certain information, including information available in the public domain, information lawfully received from a third party without proprietary or confidentiality limitations, information known to the employee before first receipt of same from the employer, and information disclosed in circumstances required by law or regulatory requirement.

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